A Catalog of the French Revolutionary Deists with a Short Biography of Each Deist and Information on Where to Find the Best Introduction to their Deist Ideas

There were hundreds of deists who lived in France during the time of the French Revolution (1789-99). These deists have been ignored when people characterize Enlightenment deism. But 72 of them stated that God helped the French Revolution by working miracles, and 111 of them loved God so much they wrote prayers or hymns to God. If we take these deists into account, our whole attitude towards deism will change.

Note: AP = Archives parlementaires de 1787 à 1860: Recueil complet des débats législatifs & politiques des chambres françaises (Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1862-2012): series 1.

All the books and pamphlets mentioned below (except for AP, vol. 91) are available online at one or more of these places: Google Books, Hathi Trust Digital Library, Archive, Newberry Library French Pamphlet Collection at Archive, Gallica, or Eromm, the European Register of Microform and Digital Masters.

The best place to look for AP Hathi Trust Digital Library (Volumes 83 and above, except for 91, are available at the bottom of that web page.

C. A. (fl. 1793) wrote a “Hymn to Reason” which was recited during the Inauguration of the Temple of Reason at Chaumont.  This hymn is printed in AP, 83:721-2. 

Jean-Pierre d’Açarq (1717?-1809) was a professor of language and French literature as well as a grammarian.  The best introduction to his deist ideas is his Petit recueil de vers françois et de vers latins: frappés depuis et pour notre révolution philosophique (n. p., 1798).   

Citizen Aignan (fl. 1794) gave a speech at the Festival of the Supreme Being held in Orleans.  This speech is printed in his short pamphletDiscours sur l’existence de l’Être suprême et de l’immortalité de l’ame, liés à l’affermissement et au bonheur de la république française (Orleans, 1794).

Anonymous (fl. 1794) was a citizen who gave a speech at the Festival of the Supreme Being in Paris at the section Fontaine-de-Grenelle.  The speech is printed in Section de la Fontaine-de-Grenelle, réflexions d’un citoyen, faites à l’assemblée Générale . . . le 20 floréal, l’an IIe (Paris, 1794).    

Anonymous (fl. 1798) wrote a hymn that was chanted at the planting of the Liberty Tree in Chichée.  This hymn is printed in Crochot, Discours sur la paix contintentale (Auxerre, 1798), unnumbered page after page 14. 

Anonymous (fl. 1794) was the government representative to Rouen.  He gave a speech, printed in AP, 92:111, at the Festival of the Supreme Being in Rouen.  

Anonymous (fl. 1794) was the president of the district around the town of Montagne-sur-Mer (formerly Montreuil).  He gave a speech during the Festival of the Supreme Being in Montagne-sur-Mer, which is printed in AP, 92:43-4.  

Anonymous (fl. 1794) was the municipal officer of the town of Commercy who gave a speech at the town’s Festival of the Supreme Being.  The speech is printed in AP, 92:473-4. 

Anonymous (fl. 1798) gave the speech at the funeral of General Hoche at the Theophilanthropy temple in Versailles. This speech is printed in Eloge funèbre du général Hoche, prononcé à Versailles, le 24 vendémiaire an VI, dans le temple des théophilantropes (Versailles, 1798). 

Anonymous (fl. 1791) was the author of Le bergamasque, ou l’homme bon, doutant sans le vouloir & ennemi malgré lui de la vie sociale (The Hague, 1791). 

Anonymous (fl. 1793) wrote the one-page broadsheet La montagne de la liberté, montagne de Sinaï, d’où est sortie la régénération française protégée par l’Être suprême (n. p., n.d.). 

Anonymous (fl. 1790) wrote the long pamphlet La religion sans prêtres, ou le catéchisme de l’honnête homme (Paris, 1790).  The best introduction to his deist idea is pages 5-10, 27-9, and 44 of this pamphlet.   

Anonymous (fl. 1795) was a member of the Republican Society of Bruyères.  He gave a speech printed in Discours sur le fanatisme et la célébration des fêtes décadaires, prononcé au temple dédié à l’Etre suprême, par un membre de la société républicaine de Bruyères (Bruyères, 179?).  

Anonymous (fl. 1794) was the mayor of Languidic who gave a speech at the Festival of the Supreme Being in Languidic.  Excerpts from the speech are published in Pierre Bliard, Le conventionnel Prieur de la Marne en mission dans l’ouest: 1793-1794 (Paris: 1906), 39-42.   

Anonymous (fl. 1794) was member of the Popular Society of Bellevue-Les-Bains.   He gave a speech to the National Convention which was printed in AP, 87:579.

Anonymous (fl. 1794) gave a speech at the Festival of the Supreme Being in Amiens.  The speech is printed in the first eight pages of the Discours prononcé au nom du Conseil-Général de la commune d’Amiens, le 20 prairial jour de la fête célébrée en l’honneur de l’Etre supreme (Amiens, 1794).   

Anonymous (fl. 1794) was a member of the Popular Society of Cauterets.  He wrote a hymn to God that was printed in AP, 93:135.  

Anonymous (fl. 1797) wrote the very short pamphlet Grande discussion entre les catholiques et les théophilanthropes, sur l’abolition des dimanches: dialogue sur les religions par des ministres des deux cultes (Paris, 1798?).  

Anonymous (fl. 1794) wrote a “Religious and Patriotic Hymn,” which was sung at the Festival of the Supreme Being.  The hymn is printed in pages 101-3 of Recueil d’hymnes républicaines qui ont paru à l’occasion de la fête à l’Etre suprême, qui a été célébrée Décadi 20 prairial, l’an second de la République françoise (Paris, 1794).  

Anonymous (fl. 1794) wrote a hymn which was sung at the Festival of the Supreme Being.  The hymn is printed in Recueil d’hymnes républicaines qui ont paru à l’occasion de la fête à l’Etre suprême, qui a été célébrée Décadi 20 prairial, l’an second de la République françoise (Paris, 1794), 33-4.

Anonymous (fl. 1793) was a member of the Popular Society of Blois who gave a speech, printed in AP, 84:439, at the Festival of Reason in Blois.  

Anonymous (fl. 1794) wrote a “Hymn to God,” which was sung at the Festival of the Supreme Being.  This hymn is printed in pages 66-8 of Recueil d’hymnes républicaines qui ont paru à l’occasion de la fête à l’Etre suprême, qui a été célébrée Décadi 20 prairial, l’an second de la République françoise (Paris, 1794).  

Anonymous wrote hymns to use during the Festival of the Supreme Being celebrated at Agen.  Some of these hymns are printed in Fête de l’Être suprême, célébrée a Agen, le 20 prairial, an deuxième de la République française, une et indivisible, (n. p., n. d.).  

Anonymous (fl. 1794) wrote “Vow of a Republican Child,” which was printed in AP, 91:492.  

Anonymous (fl. 1799) wrote the “Hymn to God” which was chanted at Tours in 1799.  The hymn is printed in Hymne à l’Etre suprême (30 ventose an VII) (Tours, 1799), 1-4.  [The first half of the first hymn is from Marie-Joseph Chénier’s “Hymn to God,” but the second part is not from Chenier’s hymn.]  

Anonymous (fl. 1794) was a citizen of the town of Rozet-le-Ménil.  He wrote a prayer, printed in AP, 91:299-300, which was sent in a letter to the National Convention.  

Anonymous (fl. 1794) was a citizen of Paris.  He gave a speech to the National Convention.  The speech is printed in AP 90:406.    

Anonymous (fl. 1794) was a commissar of the town of Annecy.  He gave a speech to the National Convention, which is printed in AP, 90:50.

Anonymous (fl. 1794) wrote the “Hymn to God” that was chanted at Tulle at the Festival of the Supreme Being.  The hymn is printed in Hymne à l’Etre suprême, chantée à Tulle, le 20 prairial sur l’autel de la patrie (n. p., 1794).  

Anonymous (fl. 1794) was the mayor of Montereau-Faut-Yonne.  He gave a speech during the Festival of the Supreme Being in Montereau-Faut-Yonne which is printed in AP, 93:200.  

Anonymous (fl. 1793) was the president of the Revolutionary Committee of Bayeux.  He gave a speech in the local Temple of Reason during the celebration of the retaking of the city of Toulon.  The speech is printed in AP, 83:485-7.   

Anonymous (fl. 1794) was a member of the Committee of Surveillance of the commune of Ruffec.  He gave a speech to the National Convention, which is printed in AP, 95:271.  

Anonymous (fl. 1793) wrote the “Prayer of a French Republican to God,” which was printed in François-Jean Dusausoir, Office des décades, ou Discours, hymnes et prières en usage dans les temples de la raison, 2^nd ed.  (Paris, 1794), 167-8. 

Anonymous (fl. 1793) gave a speech at the dedication of the Temple of Reason in Autun.  The speech is printed in Consécration du temple de la raison, par les sans-culottes de la commune d’Autun. Le decadi 20 frimaire, l’an 2 de la république (n. p., 1793), 19-21.

Anonymous (fl. 1794) wrote the book Notices sur la nouvelle nomenclature des rues de la Rochelle (La Rochelle, 1795).  The best introduction to his deist ideas are pages 70-5, 180, 308-18 of this book.  

Anonymous (fl. 1794) Couplets destinés à être chantés, au nom de la jeunesse, le jour de la fête de l’Etre suprême, 20 prairial, 2e année de la République une & indivisible (n. p., 1794), 1-3.

Anonymous (fl. 1793) was a citizen of Strasbourg who wrote a short hymn to God. The hymn is printed in AP, 81:278. 

Anonymous (fl. 1793) was a member of the Popular Society of Blois. He gave a speech on 30 Nivose, An II for the inauguration of the Temple of Reason in Blois. The speech is printed in AP, 84:439-40.

Anonymous (fl. 1794) wrote the “Hymn to Equality,” in Recueil d’hymnes républicaines qui ont paru à l’occasion de la fête à l’Etre suprême, qui a été célébrée Décadi 20 prairial, l’an second de la République françoise (Paris, 1794), 65.  

Anonymous (fl. 1793) was a former priest who wrote a letter explaining why he quit the priesthood. The letter is printed in AP, 79:422-3.

Anonymous (fl. 1794) was president of the district of Lunéville. He gave a discourse at that district’s Festival of the Supreme Being. The discourse is printed in AP, 93:230-2.

Anonymous (fl. 1793) wrote a hymn chanted on 30 Nivose An II at the Fete of the Inauguration of the Temple of Reason at Chaumont.  The hymn is printed in AP, 83:720.   

Anonymous (fl. 1794) was the representative of the national government to the district around Sarre-Libre (formerly Sarre-Louis). He gave a speech at the district’s Festival of the Supreme Being. The speech is printed in AP, 93:258.

Citizen Anselin (fl. 1794) was a municipal officer of the city of Amiens.  He wrote “Couplets to the Supreme Being,” which was printed in the last two unnumbered pages in Discours prononcé au nom du Conseil-Général de la commune d’Amiens, le 20 prairial jour de la fête célébrée en l’honneur de l’Etre supreme (Amiens, 1794). 

Auguste-Louis Bertin d’Antilly (1760-1804) was a dramatist and journalist. The best introduction to his deist ideas is his “Hymn to God” in Recueil des hymnes, odes, etc., relatifs aux Fêtes Décadaires (n. p., n. d.), 5-9.

Citizen Arnould (fl. 1794) was the mayor of Commercy.  He gave a speech during the Festival of the Supreme Being in Commercy.  The speech is printed in AP, 92:471-2.  

B…  B… (fl. 1794) wrote a hymn chanted at the Fete of the Inauguration of the Temple of Reason at Chaumont.  The hymn is printed in AP, 83:722.

 Citizen Bachelu or Bachelier (fl. 1790s) had been a priest for over thirty years before he quit during the French Revolution.  He gave a speech to the National Convention which is printed in AP, 80:376.

Citizen Baignier (fl. 1790s) was one of the leaders of the Theophilanthropy worship services in Paris.  A very short introduction to his deist ideas is contained in a letter he signed. This letter is printed in Albert Mathiez, Le Théophilanthropie et le Culte Décadaire, 1796-1801: Essai sur l’histoire religieuse de la révolution (Paris, 1904), 408-9. 

Citizen Baptiste the Elder (fl. 1794) wrote a “Hymn to God” included in La lyre de la Raison, ou Hymnes, cantiques, odes et stances à l’Etre suprême pour la célébration des fêtes décadaires (Paris, 1794), 80-3. 

V. R.  Barbet du Bertrand (1770-1830?) was a journalist and editor for various newspapers.  A good introduction to his religious ideas is pages 62-83 and 139-144 of his Almanach philosophique, ou réfléxions historico-philosophico comiques, sur les costume ecclésiastique et les cérémonies religieuses (Arras, 1792). 

Jean-François Barbier-Jenty (fl. 1799) was a lawyer and municipal officer who was elected to the Council of Five Hundred. The best introduction to his deist ideas is the speech he gave at the Festival of the Supreme Being, printed in AP, 92:84-5, and another speech he gave that is printed in AP, 91:185.

Paul Barlabé (fl. 1794) was a resident of Bordeaux.  His deist ideas are explained on pages 3-12 of his Discours sur l’origine et les horreurs du fanatisme(Bordeaux, 1794).  

Citizen Beaupoil (fl. 1794) was a brigade commander in the French army.  His deist ideas are in his short pamphlet Discours prononcé par le citoyen Beaupoil le 30 thermidor, l’an 2 de la République française, à Montauban, dans le temple de l’Être suprême (Montauban, 1794). 

Citizen Bechonnet (fl. 1790s) was a former Catholic priest who, during the French Revolution, said Christianity was a lie and superstition.  His deist ideas are expressed in a speech in the first three pages of the pamphlet Société populaire de Gannat, présidence de Sauret: séance du 8 frimaire de l’an 2 de la République une et indivisible (n. p., 1793).  

Citizen Bedoizeaux (fl. 1798) was active in Theophilanthropy in the Auxerre area.  He signed a letter, printed in Albert Mathiez, Le Théophilanthropie et le Culte Décadaire, 1796-1801: Essai sur l’histoire religieuse de la révolution (Paris, 1904), 671-4, which expressed some of his deist beliefs. 

Citizen Bellecour the Younger (fl. 1794) was a professor of constitutional law who gave many speeches at the Temple of Reason in Toulouse.  A good introduction to his deist ideas is his short pamphlet Discours prononcé au temple de la raison, le premier décadi de ventôse an II de la République française une et indivisible (contre la religion et le fanatisme) (Toulouse?, 1794?).  

François Nicolas Benoist-Lamothe (fl. 1797) was the rector of a school in Sens as well as being one of the main promoters of Theophilanthropy.  The best introduction to his deist ideas is his short pamphlet Office divin à l’usage des Téophilantropes, ou chrétiens français, composé en grande partie des odes sacrées de J. B. Rousseau (Sens, 1797).  

L. S. J. Bernard (fl. 1794) was an engineer.  The best introduction to his deist ideas is his Discours sur la vertu, le génie, l’opinion, le travail, les récompenses, et sur les triomphes de la République: prononcé à Pont-sur-Rhône le dernier jour de la seconde année républicaine (Nismes, 1794).

Citizen Beuzelin (fl. 1794) was the representative of the French government to the town of Caen.  A good introduction to his deist ideas is the speech he gave at the Festival of the Supreme Being.  This speech is printed in pages 4-7 of Couplets destinés à être chantés, au nom de la jeunesse, le jour de la fête de l’Etre suprême, 20 prairial, 2e année de la République une & indivisible (n. p., 1794).

Étienne-Louis Bezout (1760-1822), the nephew of the mathematician Étienne Bezout, was a lawyer and an official of the district of Nemours.  He gave a speech at the Festival of the Supreme Being held in Bourbonne-les-Eaux, which was printed in Discours sur l’existence de l’Être suprême et l’immortalité de l’âme (Chaumont, 1794). 

Étienne-Jean-François Bias-Parent (1754-1802) was a former priest who married during the French Revolution and vigorously conducted an anti-Catholic campaign as an agent for the national government.  The best introduction to his deist ideas is pages iii-v, 12-5 and 46-9 of his long pamphlet Catéchisme français, républicain: enrichi de la déclaration des droits de l’homme, et de maximes de morale républicaine, propres à l’éducation des enfans de l’un et de l’autre sexe, le tout conforme à la Constitution républicaine (Paris, 1793-4). 

Jean Nicolas Billaud-Varenne (1756-1819) was a lawyer who became one of the leading Jacobins when they were in power in 1793-4.  The best introduction to his deist ideas is his Le dernier coup porté aux préjugés et à la superstition (London, 1789), 344-362.

Pierre Blanchard (1772-1856) was an educator and author of children’s books.  A good introduction to his deist ideas is pages 52-64, 102-7, & 174-9 of his book Catéchisme de la nature ou religion et morale naturelles (Paris, 1793-1794).  

Travail Blondez (fl. 1794) wrote a letter to the National Convention suggesting a festival to honor God.  This letter is printed in AP, 89:19.  

Citizen Boucly (fl. 1798) was a professor and a member of the municipal council of Saint-Quentin.  He wrote a poem chanted at a festival to honor God in 1799 in Saint-Quentin.  The poem is printed in Emmanuel Lemaire, Les fêtes publiques à Saint-Quentin pendant la révolution et sous le premier empire (Saint-Quentin, 1884), 186-8. 

Étienne Boileau (fl. 1798) was a government official in Auxerre who helped direct the Theophilanthropy society in Auxerre. He signed a letter, printed in Albert Mathiez, Le Théophilanthropie et le Culte Décadaire, 1796-1801: Essai sur l’histoire religieuse de la révolution (Paris, 1904), 671-4, which expressed some of his deist beliefs. 

Leonard Bourdon (1754-1807) was a deputy to the National Convention who played a major role in the downfall of Maximilien Robespierre.  The best introduction to his deist ideas is his Discours prononcé le 9 thermidor, an 4 de la république française, une, indivisible et démocratique, dans le temple de la loi, à Bruxelles, par Leonard Bourdon(Brussels, 1796), 1-4.

Jacques Marie Boutet (1745-1812), known by his stage name Monvel, was one of the greatest actors of his time. The best introduction to his deist ideas was his pamphlet Discours fait et prononcé par le citoyen Monvel, dans la section de la Montagne, le jour de la fête de la Raison . . . une et indivisible (Paris, 1793/4).  

Citizen Brisset (fl. 1794) wrote a “Hymn to God” that was printed in Rituel républicain: Fête à l’Être-suprême, exécutée à Paris, le 20 prairial, l’an 2e de la République (Paris, 1794), 46-8. 

Citizen Buard the Younger (fl. 1797) wrote poems and hymns about God and liberty.  The best introduction to his deist ideas is pages 23, 40-2, and 53-6 of Recueil d’hymnes républicaines qui ont paru à l’occasion de la fête à l’Etre suprême, qui a été célébrée Décadi 20 prairial, l’an second de la République françoise (Paris, 1794).  

Citizen Bulard (fl. 1790s) was a writer.  The best introduction to his deist ideas is his Catéchisme de morale républicaine pour l’éducation de la jeunesse (n. p., 179?). 

Citizen Carpentier was a member of the Popular Society of Caen.  He gave a speech in Caen at the Festival of the Supreme Being.  A small part of this speech was printed in pages 311-2 of M. A. Campion’s article “Les fêtes nationales a Caen sous la Revolution.”  This article is in Mémoires de l’Académie nationale des sciences, arts et belles-lettres de Caen (1877), 252-398.

A. J. B. Chapuis (fl. 1798) was a municipal administrator in Paris and a major figure in Theophilanthropy.  A good introduction to his deist ideas is his short pamphlet De l’origine du culte des théophilantropes (Paris, 1798).  

Armand Charlemagne (fl. 1794) wrote a “Hymn to God,” which was printed in La lyre de la Raison, ou Hymnes, cantiques, odes et stances à l’Etre suprême pour la célébration des fêtes décadaires (Paris, 1794), 62-4.

J. -J. Chauvin (fl. 1794) was a government official who gave a speech at the Festival of the Supreme Being at Alençon.  This short speech is printed in Fête de l’être suprême à Alençon, prairial an II. Discours prononcé par J.-J. Chauvin (Alençon, 1794).  

Jean-Baptiste Chemin-Dupontès (1760-1852?) was a printer, editor, and the main founder of Theophilanthropy. A very good introduction to his deist ideas is his Manuel des théophilantropes ou adorateurs de dieu et amis des hommes(Paris, 1798).

Marie-Joseph Chénier (1764-1811) was a poet and playwright.  The best introduction to his deist ideas is his “Hymn to Victory” and “Hymn to God” in Charles Lhomme, Les chants nationaux de le France: Poètes et musiciens de la révolution (Paris: Librairie Centrale des Publications Populaires, 1885), 197-8, 201-3.

Pierre Colau (1763-183?) was an historian, a poet, and a major advocate of Theophilanthropy.  The best introduction to his deist ideas is his short pamphlet O! pour le coup, le bon dieu est assommé: voilà la résurrection des théophilantropes et leur manifeste foudroyant aux partisans de la religion de nos pères (Paris, n.d.).

Georges Auguste Couthon (1755-1794) was a lawyer who was elected to the National Convention.  He was a prominent lieutenant of Maximilien Robespierre and was guillotined with him.  A good introduction to his deist ideas is Elisabeth Liris, “Couthon: Déisme ou raison?” Annales historiques de la révolution française, No. 252 (Avril-Juin, 1983), 274-291

Paulin Crassous (1768-1830) was a poet who worked in the accounting bureau in Hearault.  His deist ideas are in his short pamphlet Scène religieuse et patriotique en l’honneur de l’Être suprême (Paris, 1794). 

Jacques-Antoine Creuzé-Latouche (1749-1800) was a judge who was elected to the Council of Five Hundred.  He was also a major Theophilanthropist.  The best introduction to his deist ideas is his Lettre de Jacques-Antoine Creuzé-Latouche, député de Châtelleraut à l’assemblée nationale (Paris, 1790), 15-22 & 33-8.

Louis Crochot (1745-1827) was a former priest who turned against the Catholic religion.  The best exposition of his deist ideas is his short pamphlet Discours prononcé à Saint-Florentin, par le citoyen Crochot, curé de Germigny, le 22 novembre 1792, l’an premier . . . ordonné l’impression (Auxerre, 1793). 

Citizen Curaté was a teacher of literature in Aisne.  The best introduction to his deist ideas are his various verses about God which are printed in Louis-Augustin Legrand de Laleu, Hymne a l’être suprême, avec choeur: pour le 2 pluviôse(Laon, 1799), 5-7.  

Jean-Guillaume-Antoine Cuvelier (1766-1824) was a very successful playwright who wrote more than a hundred plays.  His deist ideas are in pages 10-15 of his La fête de l’Etre supreme: scènes patriotiques, mêlées de chants, pantomines et danses (Paris, 1794). 

François Antoine Daubermesnil (1748-1802) was a delegate to the National Convention as well as a member of the Council of Five Hundred.  The best introduction to his deist ideas is his book Extraits d’un manuscrit intitulé: “Le culte des adorateurs”, contenant des fragments de leurs différents livres, sur l’institution du culte, les observances religieuses, l’instruction, les préceptes et l’adoration (Paris, 1796), 145-6, 167-74.

Citizen Dautun or Dantun (fl. 1794) was a priest who was a director of a seminary and several religious communities.  He abdicated his priesthood during the French Revolution.  He expressed his deist ideas in a piece printed in AP, 79:612-3 and in a short pamphlet Idees & observation philosophiques et religieuse (Chatelleraud, 1793).    

Citizen Démichel (fl. 1798) was a municipal official in Strasbourg. He gave a speech before the celebration of some marriages at the Temple of Liberty in Strasbourg in 1798.  The speech is printed in his Discours prononcé lors de la première célébration des mariages au temple de la liberté, le 10 vendémiaire an VII (n. p., 1798). 

Jacques-Marie Deschamps (1750?-1826) was a playwright and poet who wrote a hymn to God chanted at the Festival of the Supreme Being in Paris.  The hymn is printed in Hymne à l’Etre suprême chanté par les enfans le 20 prairial l’an2e (Paris, 1794).  

A. G. Descombels (fl. 1790s) was the national agent of the revolutionary government for Toulouse.  His deist ideas are on pages 1-6 of his pamphlet Discours prononcé dans le temple consacré à la raison, à Toulouse, le décadi 30 frimaire de l’an second de la République française (Toulouse, 1793).

Pierre Jean Baptiste Choudard Desforges (1746-1806) was an actor and playwright who was very involved with spreading Theophilanthropy.  An introduction to his deist ideas is a letter about Theophilanthropy he co-wrote, which is printed in Culte libre (Paris, 1798?).   

Charles-François-Grégoire-Michel-Etienne Desgrouas (1747-1816) was a deputy to the National Convention from l’Orne who wrote a “Hymn to God and Liberty.”  The hymn is printed in his pamphlet Hymne à l’Être suprème et à la liberté, par le citoyen Desgrouas (Paris, n. d.).  

Citizen Deslandes (fl. 1794) was a former priest who wrote a speech that was read at the Festival of the Supreme Being held at Saint Malo.  The speech was printed in E. Herpin, “Les fêtes à Saint-Malo pendant la Révolution,” in Annales de la société historique et archéologique de l’arrondissement de Saint-Malo, 1908, 196-8.

Camille Desmoulins (1760-1794) was a journalist and major leader of the radical faction of Jacobins in the French Revoution.  The best introduction to his deist ideas are pages 19-24 of his La france libre, 3^rd ed. (Paris, 1789).  

Théodore Desorgues (1764-1808) was a poet whose “Hymn to God” was frequently chanted at festivals honoring God.  The best introduction to his deist ideas is his Rousseau ou l’enfance, poëme (Paris, 1794). 

Citizen Desprez (fl. 1794) was the vice-president of the department of Charente.  His “Hymn to the Supreme Being” was chanted at the Inauguration of the Temple of Reason in Angouléme.  The hymn is printed in AP, 82:22-3.  

Philippe-François Desrues (1761-1821) was a deputy to the National Convention and later became a judge.  The best summary of his deist ideas is in his pamphlet Discours prononcé a l’Assemblée électorale du département de Paris, le 5 nivose de l’an 2me. de la République, une et indivisible (Paris, 1794).  

Citizen Devillere (fl. 1794) was the representative of the revolutionary government to the area near the district of Cherbourg. He gave a discourse at a festival in Cherbourg to commemorate the events of August 10, 1792. His discourse is printed in AP, 95:361-2.

François-Régis-Benjamin Devinck-Thiéry (1761-1803) was an administrator who became a member of the Council of Five Hundred.  The best introduction to his deist ideas is a speech he gave during the Festival of the Supreme Being at Douai.  This speech is printed in Discours prononcé par le citoyen Devinck-Thiéry, président du directoire du département du Nord, à la fête célébrée à Douai, le 20 prairial en l’honneur de l’Être supreme (Douai, 1794). 

G. F. Dieny (fl. 1794) was a judge as well as the president of the Popular Society of Blamont.  He wrote some pieces, printed in AP, 95:219-25, which express his deist ideas.  

Citizen Dorfeuille (fl. 1794) gave a speech at the Festival of the Supreme Being in Lyon. This speech is printed on page 11 of the pamphlet Société populaire des jacobins de Commune-Affranchie (Lyon), amis de Chalier et Gaillard, à ses concitoyens (Lyon, 1794).   

Jean-Francois Dubroca (1753-1831) was a writer and one of the best orators of Theophilanthropy.  A good introduction to his deist ideas is his short pamphlet Discours sur l’anniversaire de la théophilantropie, prononcé le 20 nivose, an 6, de l’ère républicaine, dans plusieurs temples du département de la Seine (Paris, 1798).  

Citizen Ducray-Duminil (fl. 1794) wrote a “Hymn to God,” which is printed in Rituel républicain: Fête à l’Être-suprême, exécutée à Paris, le 20 prairial, l’an 2e de la République (Paris, 1794), 55-6.

Citizen Dulaurent (fl. 1794) wrote a “Hymn to God” and another poem about God printed in La lyre de la Raison, ou Hymnes, cantiques, odes et stances à l’Etre suprême pour la célébration des fêtes décadaires (Paris, 1794), 127-8 & 137-8.   

Citizen J. Dumas (fl. 1793), a former priest, was president of the Popular Society of Uzès-la-Montagne. He gave a speech, printed in AP, 85:482-3, for a celebration in memory of Jean-Paul Marat. 

Pierre Samuel Dupont de Nemours (1739-1817) was a major French economist and politician. His son started the Dupont Chemical Company. The best introduction to his deist ideas is his Quelques mémoires sur différents sujets: La pluspart d’histoire naturelle, ou de physique Générale et particulière, 2^nd ed. (Paris, 1813), 399-419. 

Citizen Dupré the Elder (fl. 1793) was a member of the Popular Society of Carcassonne. In 1793 he presented to this society a plan of public instruction containing many deist ideas.  The plan is printed in AP, 81:343-6. 

Jean-Baptiste Claude Henri Dupuy (1759-1824) was elected a deputy to the National Convention.  He gave a speech at the Festival of the Supreme Being in Lyon which is printed in pages 3-5 of the pamphlet Société populaire des jacobins de Commune-Affranchie (Lyon), amis de Chalier et Gaillard, à ses concitoyens (Lyon, 1794).   

Joseph-François-Nicolas Dusaulchoy de Bergemont (1760-1835) was a playwright and editor.  The best introduction to his deist ideas are pages 63-77 of his Almanach du peuple pour l’année 1792 (Paris, n. d.). 

François-Jean Dusausoir (1737-1822) was a poet and a man of letters.  The best introduction to his deist ideas is pages 26-7, 36-40, and 93-5 of his Office des décades, ou discours, hymnes et prières en usage dans les temples de la raison, 2^nd ed.

M. E. (fl. 1794) was an unknown author who wrote about religion and God for the German language newspaper Argos during the French Revolution.  The best introduction to his ideas is Argos, vol. 4, 1794, 365-7, 499-506, & 303-4.  

Citizen Etignard (fl. 1793) was a former priest who gave a speech at the Temple of Reason.  The speech is printed in AP, 84:143-5. 

R. D. F. (fl. 1796) was the author of a short review of the book Le culte des adorateurs by Daubermesnil.  The review appears in the periodical La Décade philosophique, littéraire et politique, 30 March 1796, 28-31.

Jean-Baptiste Febvé the Elder (fl. 1794) was president of the criminal tribual in the department of Meurthe.  He gave a discourse about God, which is printed in Discours sur l’Être suprême, prononcé dans le temple que la commune de Nancy lui a consacré, par Jean-Baptiste Febvé (Nancy, 1794).

 Citizen Ferrier (fl. 1793) was a member of the Popular Society of Carcassonne. In 1793 he presented to this society a plan of public instruction containing many deist ideas.  The plan is printed in AP, 81:343-6.

Citizen Fillieux (fl. 1794) gave a speech at the Festival of the Supreme Being in Lyon. This speech is printed in pages 8-10 of the pamphlet Société populaire des jacobins de Commune-Affranchie (Lyon), amis de Chalier et Gaillard, à ses concitoyens (Lyon, 1794).   

Jean-Baptiste Fleuriot-Lescot (1761-1794) was appointed the provisional mayor of Paris in 1794 before he was guillotined as one of Maximilien Robespierre’s main lieutenants.  The best introduction to his deist ideas is a speech he signed which was read before the National Convention.  The speech was printed in AP, 90:329-30. 

Abel Fornand–Bauvinay (1751-1824) was a lawyer and journalist.  The best introduction to his deist ideas is pages 7-21 & 28-35 of his pamphlet Religion naturelle: quelles sont les institutions religieuses qui peuvent contribuer à propager les vertus d’un peuple libre (Paris, 1798).  

Citizen Franchette (fl. 1794) was a young man who gave a speech to the National Convention in May. The speech is printed in AP, 90:457-8.

Citizen Fressinet (fl. 1794) was a carriage worker with the French army in Italy. He wrote a letter expressing his deist ideas, which is printed in AP, 90:52.

J. Le Gaigneur (fl. 1794) was a student in Caen. Two essays he wrote for the periodical La feuille villageoise contain the best statement of his deist ideas.  One essay is in the issue of February 6, 1794, p. 433-7, and the other is in the issue of May 4, 1795, p. 112-118. 

Pierre Gallet (17??-18??) was a writer who thought true Christianity was the simple morality that Jesus taught.  A good introduction to his deist ideas are pages i-xvi of his book Le véritable évangile, par le citoyen Gallet, 2^nd ed (Paris, 1793/4).

Citizen Galopin (fl. 1794) wrote a “Hymn to God” which was printed in Dejean, Pièces de poésies civiques: Societé populaire d’Épernay (Epernay, 1793/4), 27-9.

Léonard Gay-Vernon (1748-1822) was a priest who was elected bishop of the Constitutional Church.  He was also elected a deputy to the National Convention and a member of the Council of Five Hundred.  The best introduction to his deist ideas is his letter in the Journal du département de la Haute-Vienne, 14 November 1793, 93-5, and his Lettre Pastorale (n. p., 1793), 1-4, 10-11. 

Jean-François Génin (1765-1838) was a lawyer and deputy to the National Convention.  The best introduction to his deist ideas is his essay in Livre indispensable aux enfans de la liberté, 2^nd ed. (Paris, 1793-4), 40, 53, 63-5, 71, 94. 

Citizen Gidoin (fl. 1790s) lived near Alençon and wrote a short poem about God and people’s moral duties. This poem is printed in La République ou la mort. Les devoirs de l’homme dictés par la raison, avec quelques observations sur l’existence de l’Être suprême et avec quelques réflexions morales (n. p., n. d.).

Citizen Gieb (fl. 1793) gave a speech with deist ideas in Metz in 1793.  A very short part of the speech is printed in Augustin Gazier, Études sur l’histoire religieuse de la révolution français d’apres des documents originaux et inédits (Paris, 1887), 204-5.

Henri François Godineau (fl. 1793) was a former priest who gave a speech at the National Club of Bourdeaux in 1793.  This oration is reprinted in the Temple of Reason, 16 September 1801, 286-7. 

Olympe de Gouges (1748-1793) was a playwright and pamphleteer.  The best introduction to her deist ideas is her Le bonheur primitif de l’homme, ou Les rêveries patriotiques (Amsterdam, 1789), 3, 28-30, & 42-3.

Jean-Marie Goujon (1766-1795) was a deputy to the National Convention and a major leader in the revolt of 1 Prairial, Year III.  The best introduction to his deist ideas is Jean-Marie Goujon and Pierre François Tissot, Souvenirs de la journée du Ier prairial, an III (Paris, 1799-1800). 

Jacques Grasset–Saint-Sauveur (1757-1810) was a diplomat and writer who wrote the short essay “The Twenty-Five Precepts of Reason.”  This piece was published in La feuille villageoise, 27 February 1794, 507-10.

S.-L. Guéry (fl. 1794) was a musician who wrote the “Hymn to God” and the “Invocation to God” that was chanted at the Festival of the Supreme Being held in Bar-sur-Ornin.  These are printed in pages 1-6 of his Hymne à l’Être suprême, chantée à Bar-sur-Ornin, à la fête du 20 prairial, 2e année républicaine (Bar-sur-Ornin, 1793).

Ch. Fr. Guéniot (fl. 1794) wrote a hymn dedicated to God.  It is printed in his short pamphlet, Hymne pour la fête, dédié a l’Être suprême et a la nature (Auxerre, 1793). 

Citizen Guffroy (fl. 1798) was the editor for a short while of a journal advocating Theophilanthropy’s ideas. A very short excerpt from his writings is printed in Albert Mathiez, Le Théophilanthropie et le Culte Décadaire, 1796-1801: Essai sur l’histoire religieuse de la révolution (Paris, 1904), 406. 

Citizen Guibourt (fl. 1794) was a teacher who gave a speech at the planting of a Liberty Tree in 1794.  His speech is in Le culte des arbres, ou, Idée de l’état heureux des premiers hommes, guidés par les seules lumières de la raison (Paris, 1794), 3-12.  

Jérôme Guillard (fl. 1794) was the national agent for the central French government assigned to the district of Chartres during part of the French Revolution.  A very good summary of his deist ideas is in pages 4-10 of the pamphlet Récit de la fête célébrée pour l’inauguration du temple de la raison, dans la ci-devant cathédrale de Chartres (Chartres, 1793). 

J.-M. Guillaume (fl. 1794) gave an eloge for Jean Jacques Rousseau to the Popular Society of Montpellier in 1794. This eloge is printed in Éloge de J.-J. Rousseau, citoyen de Genève . . . Republique Française (Montpellier, 1794).

Citizen Guiraud (fl. 1794) was the representative of the national government to the district of La Montagne.  He wrote a letter to the National Convention which was published in AP, 93:384-5.

Citizen Hainuyer (fl. 1794) was a member of the National Club of Bordeaux.  He expressed his deist ideas in the very short pamphlet Le réveil du bon père, hommage à l’Être suprême et à la nature (Bourdeaux, 1794).

Nicolas-François Harmand d’Abancourt (fl. 1791) wrote the book Catéchisme de morale pour l’éducation de la jeunesse (Paris, 1791). A good introduction to his deist ideas are pages 1-4 and 71-5 of this book.

Citizen Henrionnet (fl. 1790s) was a Catholic priest in Vavincourt before he gave up the priesthood during the French Revolution.  His deist ideas are expressed very quickly in a letter printed in AP, 79:11

 Louis-Marin Henriquez (1765-1815) was a professor at the College of Blois who wrote poetry as well as deist works.  The best introduction to his deist ideas is his tract Pensées républicaines, pour chaque jour du mois, dédiées à la jeunesse (Paris, 1794/5). 

Jean-Marie Heurtault de Lammerville (1740-1810) was a soldier and president of the Council of Five Hundred in 1799.  He was also a major lecturer for Theophilanthropy. The best introduction to his deist ideas is his speech Discours prononcé devant l’autel de la raison . . . de ce temple (Bourges, 1794).

Citizen Hicher was a member of the directory of the district near Béziers. He wrote a poem to reason that was said at the Festival of Reason celebrated in Béziers on 30 Frimaire, An II. The poem is printed in AP, 83:206-7. 

Citizen Hollier (fl. 1794) wrote an Ode on the Triumph of Reason printed in AP, 83:691-2.

Citizen Huette (fl. 1794) was president of the Popular Society of Port-Brieuc.  He gave a speech in Port Brieuc in the memory of fallen soldiers.  The speech is printed in AP, 85:634-5.

Citizen Josse (fl. 1794) was president of the Popular and Republican Society of Châlons-sur-Marne.  He gave a speech at the inauguration of the local Temple of Reason.  This speech is printed in AP, 84:302-4.  

Marc-Antoine Jullien de Paris (1775-1848) was an educator (he is known as the father of comparative education), and major supporter of Theophilanthropy. The best introduction to his deist ideas is Essai général d’éducation physique, morale, et intellectuelle . . . la jeunesse (Paris, 1808), 48-52.

S. Jullien (fl. 1794) was an administrator in the National Treasury who wrote an “Ode to God.”  This ode is printed on pages 37-8 of Rituel républicain: Fête à l’Être-suprême, exécutée à Paris, le 20 prairial, l’an 2e de la République (Paris, 1794). 

Julien de Toulouse (1750-1822) was a former Protestant minister who became one of the most zealous promoters of Theophilanthropy.  The best introduction to his deist ideas is AP, 78:552.

J. Lachappelle (fl. 1797) was a writer and early supporter of Theophilanthropy.  The best introduction to his deist ideas is his “Du culte des Théophilantropes,” in Réimpression de l’ancien moniteur, vol. 28 (Paris, 1843), 762-4. 

Louis-Marie de La Revellière-Lépeaux (1753-1824) was a leading government figure during the Directory. His deist ideas can be found in Réflexions sur le culte, sur les cérémonies civiles et sur les fêtes nationales (Paris, 1797), 4-14, and Mémoires de Larevellière-Lépeaux [sic], vol. 2 (Paris: Librairie Plon: 1895), 157-69.   

François Lanthenas (1754-1799) was a doctor, writer, and delegate to the National Convention. A good introduction to his deist ideas is his Nouvelle déclaration de la morale républicaine, ou, Des devoirs de l’homme et du citoyen . . . la République (Paris, 1794/5), 63-9, 102-4, 23, 30-1.

F. Larippe (fl. 1794) was a former priest in the town of Giry. He gave a speech in that town’s Temple of Reason on 10 Ventose, An II. The speech is printed in AP, 87:412-3.

Friedrich Christian Laukhard (1757-1822) was a soldier, pastor, teacher, and popular writer who was involved with French Revolutionary activities in 1794.  The best introduction to his deist ideas is his books F. C. Laukhards Leben und Schicksale, von ihm selbst beschrieben, 6 vols. (Halle, 1792-1802), 1:153-4, 203-5, 297-310, 388, & 4, part 1: 297-303, 372-3.

Claude Hilaire Laurent (1741-1804) was a doctor who was elected to the National Convention and then was a member of the Council of Five Hundred.  The best introduction to his deist ideas is his Discours décadaire sur le patriotisme: prononcé à l’Assemblée décadaire, le 10 pluviôse, an VI de la république (Strasbourg, 1804). 

P. N. Laurisset (fl. 1790s) preached sermons at Theophilanthropy temples in Paris, including a sermon entitled “On the Difference Between Superstition and Natural Religion.”  Part of this sermon is printed in Albert Mathiez, Le Théophilanthropie et le Culte Décadaire, 1796-1801: Essai sur l’histoire religieuse de la révolution (Paris, 1904), 260-1.

Citizen Lebrasse (fl. 1793) gave a short discourse at the Festival of Reason.  This discourse is printed in Discours prononcé aux jeunes citoyennes, portant a la liberté, devant la maison du plus ancien d’âge, à la fête de la raison, célébrée à Sceaux-l’Unité, le decadi 10 frimaire (n.p., 1793).

Ponce Denis Écouchard Le Brun (1729-1807) was a celebrated lyric poet.  The best introduction to his deist ideas is his Ode républicaine au peuple français, sur l’Être suprême (Strasbourg, 1794), 3-6. 

Citizen Lebeschu de La Bastays (fl. 1793) was a doctor and a philosopher.  A good introduction to his deist ideas is his very short pamphlet Culte philosophique par le citoyen Labastays, physicien et philosophe (Paris, 1793/4).

Jean-Baptiste Leclerc (1756-1826) was a delegate to the National Convention and a member of the Council of Five Hundred.  The best introduction to his deist ideas is his Discours sur l’existence et l’utilité d’une religion civile en France, prononcé à la tribune du Conseil des Cinq-cents, dans la séance du 9 fructidor an 5 (Paris, 1797), 11-29.

Louis-Augustin Legrand de Laleu (1755-1819) was a teacher of law in the department of Aisne.  The best introduction to his deist ideas is his Hymne a l’être suprême, avec choeur: pour le 2 pluviôse (Laon, 1799), 1-5.   

Citizen Legouvé (fl. 1794) wrote an “Ode to God” to be sung in the French Revolutionary festivals honoring God.  This ode is in Recueil d’hymnes, odes etc., relatifs aux fêtes décadaires: imprimés par ordre de la Commission de l’instruction publique (n.p., n.d.), 10-5.

Sylvain-Phalier Lejeune (1758-1827) was a deputy to the National Convention who recited a deist prayer to God at a public meeting in Besançon.  The prayer was approved by the local Jacobin Society and was widely distributed throughout the district.  It is printed in F.-A. Aulard, “Le culte de l’Être suprême,” in La Révolution française; revue d’histoire modern  (July-December, 1891), 21, 313-4.

Francois-Joseph Lemanceau (fl. 1794) was an ex-priest who became a municipal officer in Chinon.  A summary of his deist ideas can be found in his short pamphlet Adresse de la société populaire de Chinon, aux habitans des villes et campagnes de ce district (Chinon, 1792). 

Citizen Lepetit (fl. 1794) was a member of the Revolutionary Committee of Saumur.  He wrote a hymn, printed in AP, 92:91, which was chanted at the Festival of the Supreme Being held at Saumur.

Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet (1746-1825) was a member of the important Committee of Public Safety.  An introduction to his deist ideas is pages 398-401 of Amand Montier, Robert Lindet: député à l’Assemblée législative et à la convention, membre du Comité de salut public, ministre des finances (Paris, 1899). 

Louis Longqueüe (1718-1794) was a college professor who became the oldest elected member of the National Convention.  A good introduction to his deist ideas is pages 18-26 of his Discours familier et préparatoire a des instructions contre la religion des prétres (Orléans, 1794). 

Pierre-Alexandre Mahieu (fl. 1794)wrote the chant “Patriotic Stanzas on the Existence of God,” which was chanted in honor of God in Francoville-la-Libre.  It is printed in La lyre de la Raison, ou Hymnes, cantiques, odes et stances à l’Etre suprême pour la célébration des fêtes décadaires (Paris, 1794), 119-21.  

Citizen Maire (fl. 1794) gave a speech at the Festival of the Supreme Being at Chaumont.  His speech is printed in Fête à l’Être suprême et à la nature, célébrée à Chaumont . . . décadi 20 prairial (n. p., 1794), 6-7. 

Citizen Malfuson was a former Protestant minister.  He composed poems for the Theophilanthropists in Bourges and was active in establishing Theophilanthropy there. A short part of one of his hymns is included in Albert Mathiez, Le Théophilanthropie et le Culte Décadaire, 1796-1801: Essai sur l’histoire religieuse de la révolution (Paris, 1904), 338.

Théophile Mandar (1759-1823) was a very active figure in the French Revolution, including being one of the first to enter the Bastille in 1789.  He was also one of the first people to embrace Theophilanthropy.  He did not write a good introduction to his deist ideas.  The best place to look is pages 108-114, 34-5, and 152-3 of his book Le génie des siècles (Paris, 1795).

A. C. S. Masson (fl. 1793) was the mayor of the town of Vertus.  He gave an address to the town, which is printed in AP, 84:70-1. 

Nicolas Maure (1743-1795) was a deputy to the National Convention who gave an “Invocation to God” at the Festival of the Supreme Being in Auxerre.  This short invocation is printed in his Invocation à l’Etre suprême, faite à la fête du 20 prairial, & prononcée au haut de la montagne élevée par le peuple d’Auxerre (Melun, 1794).

Louis-Sébastien Mercier (1740-1814) was an extremely popular writer who became a supporter of Theophilanthropy. The best introduction to his deist ideas is his Memoirs of the Year Two Thousand Five Hundred, trans. W. Hooper (Philadelphia, 1795), 92-123.  

Francois Joseph Michault de Lannoy (17??-18??) was a professor of French and Italian.  The best introduction to his deist ideas is his Discours prononcé par Michault Lannoy, citoyen français à Vaugirard, le 20 nivôse, à l’occasion de l’inauguration du temple de la raison (Paris, 1794).

 Pierre Milhau (1744-1824) was the national agent of the district of Béziers during the French Revolution.  He gave a speech during the Festival of Reason in Béziers which is printed in AP, 83:204-6.

Julien Minée (1738-1808) was a priest who became a bishop of the Constitutional Clergy.  Later, he married and quit the priesthood.  There is no good introduction to his deist ideas.

Citizen Morambert the Elder (fl. 1794) wrote “Hymn to God” to be chanted at festivals during the French Revolution.  This hymn is printed in La lyre de la Raison, ou Hymnes, cantiques, odes et stances à l’Etre suprême pour la célébration des fêtes décadaires (Paris, 1794), 99-100. 

Agricol Moreau (1766-1842) was a former priest who became a member of the directorate of the department of Vaucluse.  The best introduction to his deist ideas is a secular baptism ceremony he conducted for a newborn baby.  This ceremony is printed in AP, 95:362-3.

Jean-Baptiste Mosneron de Launay (1738-1830) wrote tragedies, travelled to Africa and America, as well as being politically active during the French Revolution.  The best introduction to his deist ideas is his book Vie du législateur des Chrétiens, sans lacunes et sans miracles (Paris, 1803), 18-38.

Citizen Moucherel (fl. 1798) was president of the criminal tribunal of Haut-Rhin.  The best introduction to his deist ideas is his speech La tyrannie détruite.  Discours prononcé à Troyes, sur l’anniversaire de la mort du dernier roi des français, le 2 pluviôse an VII. 1799 (n. p., 1799). 

Citizen Navoigille (fl. 1798) was one of the leaders of Theophilanthropy in Paris.   He co-wrote a letter about Theophilanthropy which is printed in Culte libre (Paris, 1798?).  

François-Félix Nogaret (1740-1831) was a librarian and writer who wrote about an inventor named Frankenstein creating an aritificial human decades before Mary Shelley.  The best introduction to his deist ideas is his L’âme de Timoléon, ou Principes républicains, philosophiques et moraux, auxquels on a joint quelques motifs de chants analogues aux fêtes nationales et décadaires (Paris, 1797), 17, 23-7, & 108-110. 

Christophe Opoix (1745-1840) was a chemist, mineralogist, and playwright, as well as a deputy to the National Convention.  A good introduction to his deist ideas is his short pamphlet Fête a la pudeur, proposée comme modèle pour les autres fêtes décadaires (Paris, 1794/5). 

Citizen Orange (fl. 1794) wrote essays on God for the periodical Le conservateur (décadaire) des principes républicains et de la morale politique.  Pages 209-219 of the June 8, 1794 issue of this magazine has the best introduction to his deist ideas.  (Page 399 of the June 28, 1794 issue of this periodical attributes this and other essays to Citizen Orange.)  

Pierre Paganel (1745-1826) was a former priest who was a deputy to the National Convention.  He also was a member of the Committee of Public Safety and served as secretary to the National Convention.  The best introduction to his deist ideas is his Essai historique et critique sur la revolution française, 3rd ed., 3 vols (Paris, 1815), 1:231-45 & 2:457-61.  

Raisin Pages (fl. 1794) designed the Festival of the Supreme Being at Montpellier.  The short description of his plan for the Festival of the Supreme Being is in his Rapport fait au nom des Comités des arts et d’instruction publique réunis, par Raisin Pagès, sur le plan de la fête consacrée à l’Etre-suprême (n. p., 1794). 

Charles Palissot de Montenoy (1730-1814) was a playwright and disciple of Voltaire. The best introduction to his deist ideas are pages 1-10 and 42-8 of his Questions importantes sur quelques opinions religieuses, 3d ed. (Paris, 1797).  

Citizen Parens (fl. 1793) had been a priest until, during the French Revolution, he said Christianity was charlatanry.  A letter of his was printed in the Réimpression de l’ancien moniteur, vol. 18 (Paris, 1842), 368.

 François-Nicolas Parent (1752-1822) was a priest until he became one of the first to leave the priesthood during the French Revolution.  After saying all priests were charlatans, he gave sermons during the services of the Theophilanthropists and wrote some hymns for them.  The best introduction to his ideas is this short talk Discours sur l’amour de nos semblables (n. p., 179?).  

Citizen Pastoret (fl. 1794) was a former principal of the College of Montauban.  The best introduction to his deist ideas is a speech he gave in the Temple of Reason in Montauban in Januaury, 1794.  The speech is printed in AP, 84:232-6. 

Claude-François de Payan (1766-1794) was a major leader of the Jacobins who worked very closely with Maximilien Robespierre.  The best introduction to his deist ideas is a speech he gave which is printed on pages 281-7 of F.-A. Aulard, Le culte de la raison et le culte de l’Être suprême (Paris, 1892).

L.- L. Pélissard (fl. 1798) was a writer.  A good introduction to his deist ideas are pages 1-14 of his pamphlet L’origine du culte romain et de la théophilantropie; avec une dissertation sur l’Apocalypse de saint Jean, qui a prédit tous les évenemens actuels (Paris, 1798).  

Michel-Edme Petit (1739-1795) was a deputy to the National Convention and a member of the Committee of Public Instruction.  The best introduction to his deist ideas is his Opinion sur l’éducation publique . . . et indivisible (Paris, 1793), 1-18.   

Citizen Philippe (fl. 1794) was a member of the Popular Society of Caen who gave a speech in Caen at the Fete of the Martyrs of Liberty.  A very small part of this speech was printed on page 300 of M. A. Campion’s article “Les fêtes nationales a Caen sous la Revolution.”  This article is in Mémoires de l’Académie nationale des sciences, arts et belles-lettres de Caen (1877), 252-398. 

Pierre Philippeaux (1759-1794) was a lawyer and deputy to the National Convention, who was guillotined with other, more prominent, opponents of Maximilien Robespierre.  The best introduction to his deist ideas is in Paul Mautouchet, Le conventionnel Philippeaux (Paris, 1900), 79-84 & 31-3.   

Citizen Philoppon (fl. 1794) wrote a “Hymn to God,” which was printed in Rituel républicain: Fête à l’Être-suprême, exécutée à Paris, le 20 prairial, l’an 2e de la République (Paris, 1794), 39-41.

 Citizen de Piis (fl. 1794) wrote the poem “Against atheism” printed in Recueil d’hymnes républicaines qui ont paru à l’occasion de la fête à l’Etre suprême, qui a été célébrée décadi 20 prairial, l’an second de la République françoise (Paris, 1794), 25-6. 

Jacques Piron (fl. 1794) sent a pamphlet to the National Convention which suggested hymns and chants to use for honoring God in various festivals.  This pamphlet is Invocation, hymne, et autres exercices pour honorer l’Être suprême, et plan de fêtes à l’amour et à la tendresse conjugale (n.p., 1794). 

Jean-Joseph Pithoud or Pithou de Loinville (fl. 1794) was a writer. A good introduction to his deist ideas is pages 1-14 and 48-57 of his pamphlet L’Évangile du jour, par l’apôtre cosmopolite Pithou (n. p., n. d.). 

Philippe Aristide Plancher de Valcour (1751-1815) was a newspaper editor as well as a dramatist.  The best introduction to his deist ideas is a speech he gave at the Festival of the Supreme Being at Nogent-sur-Marne.  The speech is printed in his Discours prononcé le 20 prairial, jour de la fête consacrée à l’Etre suprême, à la commune de Nogent-sur-Marne (Paris, 1794).

Auguste-Étienne-Xavier Poisson de La Chabeaussière (1752-1820) was an administrator for the Ministry of the Interior.  His deist ideas are in his short pamphlet Catéchisme républicain, philosophique et moral, 2^nd edition (Paris, 1793-4).

 François Martin Poultier (1753-1826) was a solider who became a member of the Council of Ancients.  A good introduction to his deist ideas his Discours décadaires, à l’usage des théophilantropes, 2^nd ed. (Paris, 1798).  

Citizen Poupinet (fl. 1793) wrote the two-page pamphlet La foi républicaine (n. p., n. d.). 

Citizen Prevost (fl. 1794) wrote the two broadsheets, Prière républicaine adressée à l’Être supreme (Paris, n. d.) and Hommage a l’Eternel, profession de foi des hommes libres sur la vrai religion et l’immortalité de l’ame (Paris, 1794). [See Le Conservateur décadaire des principes républicains, 28 June 1794, 400, for evidence of Prevost’s authorship of these broadsheets.]

Aristide-Francois Quatresols (fl. 1793) was a soldier in the Republican Army.  In 1793 his father sent one of his son’s letters to the National Convention.  The letter is printed in AP, 81:592. 

Louis-Antoine-Esprit Rallier (1749-1829) was a member of the Council of Five Hundred.  He was also a major Theophilanthropist.  A good introduction to his deist ideas is his Recueil de chants moraux et patriotiques (Paris, 1798-9), 1-11.  

Citizen Rameau (fl. 1794) gave a speech at the Temple of Reason in Sombernon in 1794.  This speech is printed in Discours lu par un des membres de la société populaire de Sombernon, district d’Arnay-sur-Arroux, département de la Côte d’Or, à une assemblée des citoyens de cette commune au temple de la Raison, le 5 floréal, an second de la république française (n. p., 1794).

J. J. Ranxin (fl. 1793) was a member of many Popular Societies. The best introduction to his deist ideas is his short pamphlet, Instruction sociale du républicain (Mézières, 1793). 

Charles Rémard (1766-1828) was a librarian at Fountainebleu. The best introduction to his deist ideas is his “Republican Prayer,” in Jacques Grasset de Saint-Sauveur,Les XXV préceptes de la raison , rédigés par le citoyen J. Grasset-Saint-Sauveur, . . . et mis en vers par le citoyen C. Rémard, . . . suivis d’une Prière républicaine (Paris, 1793), 23-4.

D. J. Renou (fl. 1794) wrote a hymn to God which was chanted at Angers during the Festival of the Supreme Being.  The hymn is printed in B. Bois, Les fêtes révolutionnaires à Angers de l’an II à l’an VIII (1793-1799) (Paris: Felix Alcan, 1929), 46.

Nicolas-Edme Restif de La Bretonne (1734-1806) was a novelist who was very interested in erotic topics. The best introduction to his deist ideas is the chapter on his religious beliefs in David Coward, The Philosophy of Restif de La Bretonne (Oxford: The Voltaire Foundation, 1991), 459-83.

Mayor Robert (fl. 1794) was mayor of Ploërmel.  He gave a speech during the Inauguration of the Temple of Reason in Ploërmel. The speech in printed in AP, 85:604-5. 

Charles-César Robin (17..-18..) was a writer whose best known book was about his visit to Louisiana.  The best introduction to his deist ideas are pages 3-9 and 30-40 of his book De la religion naturelle ou des rapports de l’homme avec la divinité (Paris, 1798). 

Maximilien Robespierre (1758-1794) was a lawyer who became one of the main leaders of the French Revolution.  The best introduction to his deist ideas are the two speeches he gave at the Festival of the Supreme Being.  These speeches are printed in his Oeuvres de Maximilien Robespierre, vol. 10 (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1967), 10:479-483.

Citizen Rochon (fl. 1794) wrote a “Hymn to God” which was chanted at the Festival of the Supreme Being.  The hymn is printed in Rituel républicain: Fête à l’Être-suprême, exécutée à Paris, le 20 prairial, l’an 2e de la République (Paris, 1794), 48-9.  

Jean-François Roger (1776-1842) gave a speech in Nîmes on reason and its profound connection to God.  This speech is printed in his Discours sur l’excellence du culte de la raison, prononcé le second décadi de ventôse, dans le temple national de la commune de Nîme (Nismes, 1794).

M. Roques (fl. 1793) was the president of the Jacobin club in Foix, France.  A short speech with his deist ideas is reported in Louis Blazy, Les fêtes nationales à Foix sous la Révolution (Foix: Pomiès, Fra et Cie, 1911), 6-8. 

Thomas Rousseau (1750?-1800) was the archivist of the Jacobins and the editor of Journal de la Montagne.  The best introduction to his deist ideas is the “Invocation to God,” in the Journal de la Montagne, 8 June 1794, 344, and his short essay in the Journal de la Montagne, 27 June 1794, 495-6. 

German Rubigni (fl. 1794) was a judge in Saint-Fargeau.  He wrote a letter to the National Convention saying that a prayer he wrote should be said throughout the country.  This prayer is printed in AP, 88:460.    

Citizen Saint-Ange (fl. 1794) wrote the “Hymn to God” which was printed in Rituel républicain: Fête à l’Être-suprême, exécutée à Paris, le 20 prairial, l’an 2e de la République (Paris, 1794), 42-44. 

Louis Antoine de Saint-Just (1767-1794) was a lawyer who was one of the major lieutenants of Maximilien Robespierre.  There is no good introduction to his deist ideas, but one place to look is Louis Antoine Saint-Just, Oeuvres Complètes de Saint-Just, ed. Charles Vellay, 2 vols. (Paris: Librairie Charpentier et Fasquelle, 1908), 1:296-9 & 2:483-7.

Jacques Henri Bernardin de Saint-Pierre (1737-1814) was an engineer in the army who wrote the extremely popular novel Paul and Virginia.  He was very involved with spreading Theophilanthropy, including writing hymns for the organization.  

Sans-culottes français (fl. 1793) was the pen name of an unknown author who wrote the pamphlet, Catéchisme français, républicain: enrichi de la Déclaration des droits de l’homme, . . . conforme à la constitution républicaine (Rouen, 1793/4). 

Pierre Michel Serant (fl. 1793) was a judge in the district of Falaise.  He wrote a hymn that was chanted the day the busts of the revolutionary heroes Jean-Paul Marat and Louis-Michel Le Pelletier were carried into the Temple of Reason. The hymn is printed in AP, 83:207-8.

Etienne-Marie Siauve (fl. 1798) was a former priest who got married during the French Revolution. He became the editor of the Theophilanthropist periodical, Echo des cercles patriotiques et des réunions de théophilanthropes. In Albert Mathiez, Le Théophilanthropie et le Culte Décadaire, 1796-1801: Essai sur l’histoire religieuse de la révolution (Paris, 1904), 382, there is a very short excerpt from one of his letters.

Jean-François Sobry (1743-1820) was an editor, an author of numerous publications, and he held various government jobs.  He was very active in promoting Theophilanthropy.  The best introduction to his deist ideas are pages 11-23 of his bookRappel du peuple français à la sagesse, ou principes de la morale, 2^nd ed. (Paris, 1797).

Christian Sommer (1757-1835) was a lawyer and editor who worked to set up a democratic republic in Cologne, Germany during the French Revolution.   The best introduction to his deist ideas is his book Gott ist unser Gesetzgeber . . . und Glückseligkeit (n. p., 1795).

Jean-Baptiste Spiess (fl. 1794) was a priest in Saint-Pierre-du-Bois who married and became a zealous Jacobin.  The best introduction to his deist ideas is pages v, 53-58, and 90-9 of his book Un mot du plus ancien de tous les évangiles (Paris, 1794).

Citizen Tarpan (fl. 1794) was the representative of the central government to Lyon.  He gave a speech at the Festival of the Supreme Being in Lyon. This speech is printed in pages 6-8 of the pamphlet Société populaire des jacobins de Commune-Affranchie (Lyon), amis de Chalier et Gaillard, à ses concitoyens (Lyon, 1794). 

Jean-Joseph Terme (1739-1813) was a farmer in Agen who was a deputy to the National Assembly in 1789.  He wrote a short pamphlet, Hommage à la raison, offert dans la commune d’Agen (Agen, 1794). 

Claude Thiébaut (1750-1813) was the chief of the bureau of administration of the department of Meurthe and then editor of several newspapers. The best introduction to his deist ideas is his Catéchisme des républicains à l’usage des adolescens (Nancy, 1794). 

Citizen Thevenin (fl. 1794) was the president of the Popular Society of Vienne who gave a speech at the Festival of the Supreme Being in Vienne.  This speech is printed in Discours prononcé par le président du district de Vienne, le vingt prairial, à la fête de l’Etre supreme, (Vienne, 1794). 

Citizen Toulouset (fl. 1794) was a professor of literature in the city of Auch who planned the Festival of the Supreme Being held in that city.  This plan is printed in M. Brégail, “La fête l’Être suprême à Auch,” Bulletin de la Société archéologique du Gers, 1920: 189-93. 

Pierre-Anastase Torné (1727-1797) was a priest who was elected the Constitutional Bishop of the department of Cher.  The best introduction to his deist ideas is the speech in which he announced he was giving up the priesthood.  The speech is printed in AP, 79:526-8.

Pierre Trahan (fl. 1794) was the national agent for the central government for the area near Marseille.  His deist ideas are best expressed in his speech at the Festival of the Supreme Being in Marseille.  This speech is printed in his Discours prononcé à la fête célébrée en l’honneur de l’Être suprême, le 20 prairial par Pierre Trahan (Marseille, 1794).  

Pierre Trottier (fl. 1798) was a representative of the national government who was very actively involved in Theophilanthropy.  One of his sermons at a Theophilanthropy ceremony is printed in Exposé de la cérémonie d’ouverture du temple théophilanthropique de Bourges (Bourges, 1798), 7-24.

Claude-Joseph Trouvé (1765-1860) was journalist and editor who was also an ambassador to the Cisalpine republic.  A good introduction to his deist ideas is his “Hymn to God” in Gazette Nationale ou Le Moniteur Universal, vol. 21, July 28 1794, p. 324. 

Charles-Michel Villette (1736-1793) was a nobleman, writer, and delegate to the National Convention. He was such a close protégé of Voltaire’s that it was rumored that Villette was Voltaire’s illegitimate son. The best introduction to his deist ideas is his Problêmes proposés a résoudre au marquis de V . . . ou Lettres du duc de*** au marquis de V . . . en a faites (Liege, 1779), 55-77, 88-90, 215.

Citizen Vimar (fl. 1790s) was a member of the Popular Society of Rouen.  He gave a speech that was printed in AP, 80: 92-3. 

Citizen Vossenat (fl. 1794) was the provisional national agent of the central government to Theys.  He prepared a report on the Festival of the Supreme Being held in Theys which is printed in Antoine Sabatier, “La fête de l’Être suprême à Theys (Isère),” Bulletin de la société archéologique, historique & artistique le vieux papier, December 1924, 371-4. 

Citizen Wolff the Younger  (fl. 1794) was a cavalryman of the 2^nd regiment who gave a discourse on morality.  His deist ideas are expressed in his short pamphlet Discours sur la morale publique et domestique: prononcé à la societé populaire de Strasbourg, dans sa séance du 11. floréal de l’an 2. de la République française (Strasbourg, 1794).

Besides the individuals listed above, there were also many groups of people who signed letters, reports, and pamphlets that articulated deist ideas.

Group #1 These people were seventy-nine unnamed citizens of the town of La Souterraine who signed a letter expressing their deist ideas.  The letter was sent to the National Convention, and it is printed in AP, 82:116.    

Group #2 Citizens L. Vialle, P. Lavialle, and Ferrierès were members of the Popular Society and General Council of Chamboulive.  They signed a letter to the National Convention, printed in AP, 82:533, which expressed the Popular Society’s deist ideas.  

Group #3 Citizens Johanneau, Cabaille, Finot, Arnaud, Gendrier, and Gros were members of the Popular Society of Blois and/or leaders of the Festival of the Supreme Being held in that town.  Some of these men organized this festival and others signed a letter the society sent to the National Convention describing the Festival of the Supreme Being held in that town.  The letter is printed in AP, 93:493-5. 

Group #4 Citizens Denier, Blanpain, Bommart, Vallier, and Massart were nominated by the members of the General Counsel of Douai and the Popular Society of Douai to plan the celebration of the Festival of the Supreme Being at Douai.  Their plan is printed in Liberté, égalité . . . le peuple français reconnaît l’existence de l’Être suprême et l’immortalité de l’âme (Douai, 1794).

Group #5 These unknown people were members of the Popular Society of Saint-Geniez who expressed their deist ideas in a letter sent to the Jacobin Society of Paris.  A very short excerpt of the letter is printed in F.-A. Aulard, La société des jacobins. Recueil de documents pour l’histoire du club des jacobins de Paris, vol. 6 (Paris: Libraire Cerf, 1897), 156.

Group #6 Citizen Fenantin and one person with an illegible signature were members of the Popular Society of Bar-sur-Ornain.  They signed a letter to the National Convention, printed in AP, 91:242-3, which expressed the Popular Society’s deist ideas.   

Group #7 were representatives of the young republicans of Bourg-l’Egalité (Bourg-la-Reine). One of them gave a speech to the National Convention, which is printed in AP, 91:109. 

Group #8 Citizens L. Michaud, Reisenthe, Lefebvre-Hermel, Simonin, Georget, Woilla, Bénard Lagrave, Varent-Réal, and Dereudre were administrators of the district of Calais.  They signed a letter to the National Convention, printed in AP, 91:57-8, which expressed their deist ideas.    

Group #9 Citizens Lépin, Fillassier, Batlas, Laplace, Crespinet, Franquet, and three people with illegible signatures were citizens of the town of Clamart-le-Vignoble.  They signed a letter, printed in AP, 91:113-4, which one of them read to the National Convention.

Group #10 Citizens Giraud, Chompre, Carle, Jouve, Galibert, Charronié, Cardin, Chabre, Bellon, and one person with an illegible signature were members of the Jacobin Society of Marseille.  They signed a letter to the National Convention, printed in AP, 91:350, which expressed the Jacobin Society’s deist ideas.

Group #11 Citizens Febvre the Younger, Wullier, Sounini, Brandon, Harlant, Grandeau, Matriat, Tacquet, Thiébaut the Younger, Pierron, Robert, Rollin, Denivagne, Buon, Thiébaut the Elder, and nineteen people with illegible signatures were adminstrators and clerks of the department of Meurthe.  They signed a letter to the National Convention, printed in AP, 91:292, which expressed their deist ideas.    

Group #12 Citizens Tezenas De La Porte, Dean, Villiers, Reaux, Hérard Dret, Laurent, Mignot, Vailliot, and nine people with illegible signatures were members of the General Council of Troyes.  They signed a letter to the National Convention, printed in AP, 91:65-6, which expressed the General Council’s deist ideas.   

Group #13 Citizens Suzor, Briel, Chrétien, Courtin, Lherbeaudieu, Bois, and three people with illegible signatures were members of the General Council of the town of Preuilly.  They signed a letter to the National Convention, printed in AP, 91:520, which expressed the General Council’s deist ideas.  

Group #14 Citizens Bouvet, Auber, Hebert, Belhost, Thierry, and Canu were members of the directorate of department of Seine-Inférieure.  They signed a letter to the National Convention, printed in AP, 91:593, which expressed their deist ideas. 

Group #15 Citizens Boname, Auffret, Raget, and Capeau were members of the Popular Society of Tarascon-sur-Rhône.  They signed a letter to the National Convention, printed in AP, 91:658, which expressed the Popular Society’s deist ideas.

Group #16 Citizens Lamorte, Martin, Deleuse, Pit, Lauze, Montjoie, Leiris, Chamboredon, Rieutor, Beys, A. Polge, Roux, Benoit, Fabre were citizens of Chamborigaud who signed reports of the town’s deliberations. These reports were sent to the National Convention, and they were printed in AP, 88:563-66. 

Group #17 Citizens Cassius Quillet, Rossignol, Fidele-Brudieu, Allibert, Burgeoin, and Joyeaux were members of the Popular Society of Rochefort. They signed a letter to the National Convention, printed in AP, 92:237-9, which expressed the Popular Society’s deist ideas.

Group #18 Citizens Pelletier and Marguery were members of the sans-culottes adminstration of the department of Rhône. They signed a letter expressing the administrators’ ideas that was sent to the National Convention. The letter is printed in AP, 81:199-201.

Group #19 J. G. Ponnier and G. F. Falloz were members of the Popular Society of Blamont.  They signed a letter containing a handful of speeches, hymns, and prayers the Popular Society sent to the National Convention.  These were printed in AP, 95:219-5. 

Group #20 E. Vinson and other unknown members of the General Council of Orleans made an announcement about the upcoming Festival of the Supreme Being to be held in Orleans.  The announcement is printed in D. Lottin the Elder, Recherches historiques sur la ville d’Orléans . . . ville d’Orleans, Part 2, vol. 3, 109-112. 

Group #21 These unknown people were members of the Committee of Direction of the Theophilanthropy Society of Bourges.  They published their deist ideas in a pamphlet, Exposé de la cérémonie d’ouverture du temple théophilanthropique de Bourges (Bourges, 1798). 

Group #22 These anonymous municipal leaders of Nantes planned the Festival of the Supreme Being to be held in Nantes. This plan is printed in August de Girardot, Les fêtes de la Révolution 1790-an VIII (Nantes, 1858), 18-22.

Group #23 Citizens Pilot, Chalon, and Bussat wrote a pamphlet inviting the citizens of Lyon to the city’s Festival of the Supreme Being.  This pamphlet is Société populaire des jacobins de Commune-Affranchie (Lyon), amis de Chalier et Gaillard, à ses concitoyens (Lyon, 1794).

Group #24 Citizens Garnier, H. Berthet, Monnier, Dumond, Chambard, Bonemie, Vuilllermet, Gogueli, Vaissieres, Augustin Prost, Blondeau, and Maréchal were members of the General Council of Poligny. They all signed a report announcing an upcoming fête décadaire to occur in Poligny.  The announcement is printed in M. V. Grandvaux, “Les fêtes décadaires a Poligny,” Bulletin de la société d’agriculture, sciences et arts de Poligny, January 1888, 361-3.

Group #25 Citizen Choiset and several unknown people were members of the General Council of the department of Marne.  They expressed their deist ideas at a meeting of the Council and sent the notes of the meeting to the National Convention.  The notes are printed in AP, 79:175-6.

Group #26 Citizens Caussonville, Guillates, J. Lieutaud, and one person with an illegible signature were members of the Popular Society of Héraclée.  The members expressed their deist ideas in a letter sent to the National Convention.  The letter was printed in AP, 93:40. 

Group #27 Citizens Bauchard and two other members of the Popular Society Rocher-de-la Liberté (Saint-Lo) sent a letter to the National Convention printed in AP, 91:651. They also signed a report about the Festival of the Supreme Being held in that town. The report was printed in AP, 93:165-7. 

Group #28 Citizens F. Avrerin, Vandon, Bouchard, Seney, Berthaux, and F. Vouin organized the Festival of the Supreme Being at Moyaux.  They also sent a report about it to the National Convention, and it was printed in AP, 95:95-7.  

Group #29 These anonymous people planned, organized, and enacted the Festival of the Supreme Being held at Tours.  A description of the festival is printed in Plan de la fête à l’Être suprême, qui sera célébrée à Tours, le 20 prairial, en exécution du décret du 18 floréal, l’an second de la république une et indivisible (Tours, 1794). 

Group #30 These unknown people planned, organized, and enacted the Festival of the Supreme Being held at Nancy.  A description of the festival is found in Ordre de marche de la fête à l’Etre Suprême, qui sera célébrée dans la commune de Nancy, le 20 prairial, an 2ème conformément à la loi du 18 floréal dernier (Nancy, 1794). 

Group #31 Citizens Rouge, Garnier, Teterel, Grandmougin, Helck, Stern, Hugard, Gilberti, Heim, Plarr, Sultzer, Mattraeus, Proesamle, and Doron planned, organized, and enacted the Festival of the Supreme Being in Strasbourg.  The description of this festival is printed Procès-verbal et description de la fête de l’Être suprême, célébrée le 20. prairial, l’an second de la République française une et indivisible (Strasbourg, 1794).

Group #32 Citizens F. Vilate and Lapalisse signed a letter and notes which described the celebration of God the Popular Society of Belvès held after they mined a large amount of saltpeter.  This letter and notes of the celebration were sent to the National Convention, and it is printed in AP, 91:461-2. 

Group #33 These unknown people planned, organized, and enacted the celebration of the Inauguration of the Temple of Reason held at Chartres.  This celebration is described in Récit de la fête célébrée pour l’inauguration du temple de la Raison, dans la ci-devant cathédrale de Chartres (Chartres, 1793). 

Group #34 Citizens Dastin, Debrun, Hoyer, Levavasseur, and Mareschal were members of the General Council of Aisne.  They signed a notice saying that they read and approved of Louis-Augustin Legrand de Laleu’s “Hymn to God,” which is printed in Louis-Augustin Legrand de Laleu, Hymne a l’être suprême, avec choeur: pour le 2 pluviôse (Laon, 1799), 1-5.  The anti-Christian ideas prevalent in Aisne during this time is discussed in Édouard Fleury, Le clergé du départment de l’Aisne pendant la révolution, vol. 2 (Paris, 1853), 457.

Group #35 Citizens Aubry-Dubochet, D. Nisart, Hutin, Leradde, and Martin were leaders of the central administration of Aisne.  They signed a notice saying that they read and approved of Louis-Augustin Legrand de Laleu’s “Hymn to God,” and Citizen Curaté’s various verses about God, both of which are printed in Louis-Augustin Legrand de Laleu, Hymne a l’être suprême, avec choeur: pour le 2 pluviôse (Laon, 1799).  They also ordered four thousand copies of this pamphlet printed and sent to all the municipal administrators to use at public functions.  Their anti-Christian ideas are discussed in Édouard Fleury, Le clergé du départment de l’Aisne pendant la révolution, vol. 2 (Paris, 1853), 457.

Group #36 Citizens Sorbets, Figuiery, Longchamps, Foulcher, Saine-Claire, Picqié, Lafont, Sartor, Bellecour, Delhern, Sambat, Guiringaud, and Blanc signed a communication that the Purified Popular Society of Toulouse sent to the surrounding countryside.  The communication is printed in Adresse de la société populaire épurée de Toulouse aux habitans des campagnes (Toulouse, 1794).

Group #37 Citizens Mougeat, Neumann, Clauer, Daum, Dorn, Tisserand, P. F. Monnet, Bierlyn, Cotta, Martin, Grimmer, Gerold, Schatz, Ch. Richard, J. B. Müller, A. F. Delattre, J. F. Bajot, C. Caion, J. Vullier, L. H. Dubois, J. Jardet, C. L. Lavran, F. J. Schuller, Girou, Mengue, Rades, Nanti, Aymal, and Robinot were members of the Popular Society of Strasbourg and/or municipal authorities of Strasbourg.  They all signed the report of a community meeting in which priests were condemned and the pure worship of God was praised.  The meeting was held at Strasbourg in the Temple of Reason in 1793.  The report is printed in Recueil de pièces authentiques servant à l’histoire de la revolution à Strasbourg (Strasbourg, n. d), 25-8.

Group #38 Citizen Barbier and other unknown adminstrators of the department of Bas-Rhin wrote two letters expressing their deist ideas.  The letters are printed in Recueil de pièces authentiques servant à l’histoire de la revolution à Strasbourg (Strasbourg, n. d), 169-173.

Group #39 Citizens Gores, Molin, Guillemin, and Huet were members of the Popular Society of Seyssel.  They signed a letter the Popular Society sent to the National Convention in which they expressed their deist ideas.  The letter is printed in AP, 91:374. 

Group #40 Citizens Mille and Gaide the Younger were members of the Popular Society of Riez. They signed a letter expressing the Popular Society’s ideas. The letter was sent to the National Convention and printed in AP, 91:300. 

Group #41 Citizens Mappeau, Renoult, Baudoin, Cimaroli, and Leclerc were citizens of the department of Orne. They signed a letter expressing their ideas. The letter was sent to the National Convention and printed in AP, 91:119.

Group #42 Citizens Villars, Gastal, Deschamps, Grossin, Wattier, Ballois the Younger, Leloutre, Aubin fille, Mazade, Barbier, Aubin mère, Boudray, Luce, Tombe the Elder, Laménacvillars, and Ballois the Elder were members of the Fraternal Society of Two Sexes at the former College of Laon. They signed a proclamation read to the National Convention or were part of the delegation of the Society which presented the proclamation to the National Convention. The proclamation expressed the Society’s ideas, and it is printed in AP, 90:599-600.

Group #43 CitizensTamponet, Baudier, Manger, Angol, another Angol, Ferry, Berthaux, Minquet, Hulme, Pelletier, Aspe, Bossu, Manchon, Thiveau, Folly, another Pelletier, Dotrie, N. Tamponet, Gilson, Bonfils, and one person with an illegible signature were members of the Popular Society of Crosne. They signed a letter which contained the prayers they said at the Festival of the Supreme Being held in that town. The letter was sent to the National Convention and printed in AP, 92:418-9.

Group #44 Citizens La Grange, Collard the Elder, and Collard the Younger were members of the Popular Society of Tonnerre. They signed a report about the festival the society held to celebrate the French victories at Fleurus and the taking of the Charleroi. The report was sent to the National Convention and was printed in AP, 93:303-4.

Group #45 Citizens Petit, Clément, Chanteloup, Lamotte-Serlant, Doubleau, Cotté, Baudoit, Richard, Malherbe, Leprince, and Gros were members of the Popular Society of Blois. They signed a letter and a report about the inauguration of the Temple of Reason in Blois on 30 Nivose, An II. The letter and report are printed in AP, 84:437-440.

Group #46 Citizens Dubournais, Deprécigou, Moras, Delessat, Mercerou, M. Roubaud, Jean de Jugniat, P. Homond, J. Vincent, Veyvet, Lavergne, Fort, and Poumeau were the municipal officers of the town of Montemboeuf. They sent a report to the National Convention of a festival they held on 30 Frimose, An II in which they inaugurated the Temple of Reason in their town. The report is printed in AP, 85:191-2.

Group #47 Citizens Villeterque, Leclerc, Louvroy and Candas were members of the Popular Society of Franconville-la-Libre, the Popular Society of Doullens, or the Mountain Society of Mont-de-Marsan. They signed a letter and report of the festival in memory of the taking of Toulon. The letter and report are printed in AP, 84:229-30.

Theophilanthropists who left no writings

Besides the people listed above whose beliefs we know about from their writings or published accounts of their speeches, there were forty-six members of the Theophilanthropy society who left no writings but actively worked to spread Theophilanthropy. These people set up Theophilanthropy societies in their city, gave speeches at Theophilanthropy worship services, or were directors of established Theophilanthropy societies. These people should be included among the deists because Theophilanthropy was the premier deist worship service of the eighteenth century. Information on all these people comes from Albert Mathiez, Le Théophilanthropie et le Culte Décadaire, 1796-1801: Essai sur l’histoire religieuse de la révolution (Paris, 1904).

Basse was a government official who tried to establish a Theophilanthropy society in the region of southern France near Nîmes.

Beausse, a farmer, was the leader of Theophilanthropy in Montreuil.

Bernazais, a former government official, was the leader of Theophilanthropy in Poitiers.

Beugnot was a former priest who established a Theophilanthropy society in Saint-Florinten.

Bonnaire was a former priest who became a history professor. He was active in establishing Theophilanthropy in Bourges.

Challant was a frequent lecturer at the Theophilanthropy temple in Versailles.

Chassant was a former priest who married. He was among the first lecturers of Theophilanthropy in Paris, and he was a main lieutenant of Chemin-Dupontès.

Chevalier was a leader of Theophilanthropy in Montreuil.

Clavier helped establish Theophilanthropy in Rouen.

Desclozeaux was a government official who was one of the leaders of Theophilanthropy in Versailles.

Descroizilles helped establish Theophilanthropy in Rouen.

Desveaux was a government official and then a judge who helped set up Theophilanthropy in Versailles.

Doreau was a former priest who often was a lecturer at the Theophilanthropy temple in Bourges.

Duvivier was one of the first orators and lecturers of Theophilanthropy.

Charles-Claris-Alexandre-Victor Fontaine was a former priest who married during the revolution. He was a frequent lecturer at the Theophilanthropy temple in Versailles.

Lucien Fontaine was a former priest and a professor of grammar. He was also a Theophilanthropy minister.

Nicolas Foubert helped direct the Theophilanthropy services in Rouen.

Froment was one of the first orators and lecturers of Theophilanthropy.

Gauthier was a government official in Versailles who helped set up Theophilanthropy in that city.

Elie Gueroult helped establish Theophilanthropy in Rouen.

Jean-Claude-Michel Gillet was a government official in Seine-et-Oise and then a judge in Paris. He helped set up Theophilanthropy in Versailles.

Gobain was one of the first orators and lecturers of Theophilanthropy.  He also set up some Theophilanthropy schools.

Guillaume François Charles Goupil de Préfelne (1727-1801) was one of the founders of Theophilanthropy as well as one of its directors during its last period.

Grincour was a government official in Versailles who helped set up Theophilanthropy in that city. He also wrote hymns to God for the Theophilanthropists.

Philippe-Jacques-Étienne-Vincent Guilbert was a priest, but he quit during the French Revolution. He was then a man of letters and a newspaper publisher. He founded a Theophilanthropy society in Rouen.

Valentin Hauy (1745-1822) was the founder of the first school for the blind and was very actively involved in the French Revolution.  He was an enthusiastic supporter of Theophilanthropy, and he has often been called the second founder of the organization.  He helped rewrite their manuals and had his choir of blind children sing at their first worship service.

M. Jeanne was one of the five members of the committee to direct the first Theophilanthropy group in Paris.

J. B. Laporte was a Theophilanthropy minister in Auxerre.

Latapy was a government official who tried to establish a Theophilanthropy society in Bourdeaux.

Laval was government official who established a Theophilanthropy society in Saint-Florinten.

Jean-Barthélemey Le Couteulx de Canteleu (1749-1818) was a politican and one of the founders of the Bank of France. He was actively involved with supporting Theophilanthropy and was one of its directors during its last period.

J. B. Lefebvre de Villebrune (1732-1809) was a doctor and professor of Hebrew at the College of France. He was among the first to accept Theophilanthropy and actively worked to spread it.

Claude Leger was a former priest who married during the French Revolution and became a professor of history. He was instrumental in establishing Theophilanthropy in Chalons-sur-Marne.

Le Roy helped establish Theophilanthropy in Rouen.

Lesparre started a Theophilanthropy society near Bordeaux.

Marquet, a lawyer, was president of the commune of Paris for a period in 1793 and was among the first speakers at Theophilanthropy services.

Mater was the head of Theophilanthropy in Bernay.

Abbe Michel had been a devout priest before the revolution and had written several books. During the revolution, he married. He was one of the first lecturers among the Theophilanthropists and put some of their hymns into poetic form.

M. Moreau was one of the five members of the committee to direct the very first Theophilanthropy group.

Mure was a professor of history and literature who helped set up a Theophilanthropy society in Dijon.

Jullien Paillet was a watchmaker and poet who was involved in French Revolutionary activities in Dijon.  He established Theophilanthropy in Dijon.

Planier was a former priest who established Theophilanthropy in Poitiers.

Antoine Pouchard was a Theophilanthropy minister in Auxerre.

Préat was one of the first orators and lecturers of Theophilanthropy.

Pierre-F. Robert was a former priest and government official in Sens who was a Theophilanthropy minister.

Versey was a government official and a poet who wrote a Theophilanthropist hymn. He also helped set up a Theophilanthropy society in Dijon.